Image Caption Generator using Python | Flickr Dataset | Deep Learning Tutorial

Hackers Realm
Apr 27, 2022
13 min read

Updated: May 3, 2024

Explore the fascinating world of image captioning with Python! In this deep learning tutorial, leverage the power of the Flickr dataset to train a model that generates descriptive captions for images. Learn about image preprocessing, natural language processing, and the integration of convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks. Enhance your skills in deep learning, computer vision, and natural language processing while building an impressive image caption generator in python. Join this comprehensive tutorial to unlock the potential of Python for image understanding and language generation. #ImageCaptioning #Python #FlickrDataset #DeepLearning #ComputerVision #NaturalLanguageProcessing

Image Caption Generator using Multi Model

In this project tutorial, we will build an image caption generator to load a random image and give some captions describing the image. We will use Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for image feature extraction and Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM) for Natural Language Processing (NLP).

You can watch the step by step explanation video tutorial down below

Dataset Information

The objective of the project is to predict the captions for the input image. The dataset consists of 8k images and 5 captions for each image. The features are extracted from both the image and the text captions for input.

The features will be concatenated to predict the next word of the caption. CNN is used for image and LSTM is used for text. BLEU Score is used as a metric to evaluate the performance of the trained model.

Download the Flickr dataset here

Import Modules

First, we have to import all the basic modules we will be needing for this project

import os
import pickle
import numpy as np
from tqdm.notebook import tqdm
from tensorflow.keras.applications.vgg16 import VGG16, preprocess_input
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.image import load_img, img_to_array
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.text import Tokenizer
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.sequence import pad_sequences
from tensorflow.keras.models import Model
from tensorflow.keras.utils import to_categorical, plot_model
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Input, Dense, LSTM, Embedding, Dropout, add

os - used to handle files using system commands.
pickle - used to store numpy features extracted
numpy - used to perform a wide variety of mathematical operations on arrays
tqdm - progress bar decorator for iterators. Includes a default range iterator printing to stderr.
VGG16, preprocess_input - imported modules for feature extraction from the image data
load_img, img_to_array - used for loading the image and converting the image to a numpy array
Tokenizer - used for loading the text as convert them into a token
pad_sequences - used for equal distribution of words in sentences filling the remaining spaces with zeros
plot_model - used to visualize the architecture of the model through different images

Now we must set the directories to use the data

BASE_DIR = '/kaggle/input/flickr8k'
WORKING_DIR = '/kaggle/working'

Extract Image Features

We have to load and restructure the model

# load vgg16 model
model = VGG16()
# restructure the model
model = Model(inputs=model.inputs, outputs=model.layers[-2].output)
# summarize
print(model.summary())

Downloading data from https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/keras-applications/vgg16/vgg16_weights_tf_dim_ordering_tf_kernels.h5 553467904/553467096 [==============================] - 3s 0us/step 553476096/553467096 [==============================] - 3s 0us/step Model: "model" _________________________________________________________________ Layer (type) Output Shape Param # ================================================================= input_1 (InputLayer) [(None, 224, 224, 3)] 0 _________________________________________________________________ block1_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 224, 224, 64) 1792 _________________________________________________________________ block1_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 224, 224, 64) 36928 _________________________________________________________________ block1_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 112, 112, 64) 0 _________________________________________________________________ block2_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 112, 112, 128) 73856 _________________________________________________________________ block2_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 112, 112, 128) 147584 _________________________________________________________________ block2_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 56, 56, 128) 0 _________________________________________________________________ block3_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 56, 56, 256) 295168 _________________________________________________________________ block3_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 56, 56, 256) 590080 _________________________________________________________________ block3_conv3 (Conv2D) (None, 56, 56, 256) 590080 _________________________________________________________________ block3_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 28, 28, 256) 0 _________________________________________________________________ block4_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 28, 28, 512) 1180160 _________________________________________________________________ block4_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 28, 28, 512) 2359808 _________________________________________________________________ block4_conv3 (Conv2D) (None, 28, 28, 512) 2359808 _________________________________________________________________ block4_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 14, 14, 512) 0 _________________________________________________________________ block5_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 14, 14, 512) 2359808 _________________________________________________________________ block5_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 14, 14, 512) 2359808 _________________________________________________________________ block5_conv3 (Conv2D) (None, 14, 14, 512) 2359808 _________________________________________________________________ block5_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 7, 7, 512) 0 _________________________________________________________________ flatten (Flatten) (None, 25088) 0 _________________________________________________________________ fc1 (Dense) (None, 4096) 102764544 _________________________________________________________________ fc2 (Dense) (None, 4096) 16781312 ================================================================= Total params: 134,260,544 Trainable params: 134,260,544 Non-trainable params: 0 _________________________________________________________________

Fully connected layer of the VGG16 model is not needed, just the previous layers to extract feature results.
By preference you may include more layers, but for quicker results avoid adding the unnecessary layers.

Now we extract the image features and load the data for preprocess

# extract features from image
features = {}
directory = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'Images')

for img_name in tqdm(os.listdir(directory)):
    # load the image from file
    img_path = directory + '/' + img_name
    image = load_img(img_path, target_size=(224, 224))
    # convert image pixels to numpy array
    image = img_to_array(image)
    # reshape data for model
    image = image.reshape((1, image.shape[0], image.shape[1], image.shape[2]))
    # preprocess image for vgg
    image = preprocess_input(image)
    # extract features
    feature = model.predict(image, verbose=0)
    # get image ID
    image_id = img_name.split('.')[0]
    # store feature
    features[image_id] = feature

Dictionary 'features' is created and will be loaded with the extracted features of image data
load_img(img_path, target_size=(224, 224)) - custom dimension to resize the image when loaded to the array
image.reshape((1, image.shape[0], image.shape[1], image.shape[2])) - reshaping the image data to preprocess in a RGB type image.
model.predict(image, verbose=0) - extraction of features from the image
img_name.split('.')[0] - split of the image name from the extension to load only the image name.

# store features in pickle
pickle.dump(features, open(os.path.join(WORKING_DIR, 'features.pkl'), 'wb'))

Extracted features are not stored in the disk, so re-extraction of features can extend running time
Dumps and store your dictionary in a pickle for reloading it to save time

# load features from pickle
with open(os.path.join(WORKING_DIR, 'features.pkl'), 'rb') as f:
    features = pickle.load(f)

Load all your stored feature data to your project for quicker runtime

Load the Captions Data

Let us store the captions data from the text file

with open(os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'captions.txt'), 'r') as f:
    next(f)
    captions_doc = f.read()

Now we split and append the captions data with the image

# create mapping of image to captions
mapping = {}
# process lines
for line in tqdm(captions_doc.split('\n')):
    # split the line by comma(,)
    tokens = line.split(',')
    if len(line) < 2:
        continue
    image_id, caption = tokens[0], tokens[1:]
    # remove extension from image ID
    image_id = image_id.split('.')[0]
    # convert caption list to string
    caption = " ".join(caption)
    # create list if needed
    if image_id not in mapping:
        mapping[image_id] = []
    # store the caption
    mapping[image_id].append(caption)

Dictionary 'mapping' is created with key as image_id and values as the corresponding caption text
Same image may have multiple captions, if image_id not in mapping: mapping[image_id] = [] creates a list for appending captions to the corresponding image

Now let us see the no. of images loaded

len(mapping)

8091

Preprocess Text Data

def clean(mapping):
    for key, captions in mapping.items():
        for i in range(len(captions)):
        # take one caption at a time
        caption = captions[i]
        # preprocessing steps
        # convert to lowercase
        caption = caption.lower()
        # delete digits, special chars, etc., 
        caption = caption.replace('[^A-Za-z]', '')
        # delete additional spaces
        caption = caption.replace('\s+', ' ')
        # add start and end tags to the caption
        caption = 'startseq ' + " ".join([word for word in         caption.split() if len(word)>1]) + ' endseq'
        captions[i] = caption

Defined to clean and convert the text for quicker process and better results

Let us visualize the text before and after cleaning

# before preprocess of text
mapping['1000268201_693b08cb0e']

['A child in a pink dress is climbing up a set of stairs in an entry way .', 'A girl going into a wooden building .', 'A little girl climbing into a wooden playhouse .', 'A little girl climbing the stairs to her playhouse .', 'A little girl in a pink dress going into a wooden cabin .']

# preprocess the text
clean(mapping)

# after preprocess of text
mapping['1000268201_693b08cb0e']

Words with one letter was deleted
All special characters were deleted
'startseq' and 'endseq' tags were added to indicate the start and end of a caption for easier processing

Next we will store the preprocessed captions into a list

all_captions = []
for key in mapping:
    for caption in mapping[key]:
        all_captions.append(caption)

len(all_captions)

40455

No. of unique captions stored

Let us see the first ten captions

all_captions[:10]

['startseq child in pink dress is climbing up set of stairs in an entry way endseq', 'startseq girl going into wooden building endseq', 'startseq little girl climbing into wooden playhouse endseq', 'startseq little girl climbing the stairs to her playhouse endseq', 'startseq little girl in pink dress going into wooden cabin endseq', 'startseq black dog and spotted dog are fighting endseq', 'startseq black dog and tri-colored dog playing with each other on the road endseq', 'startseq black dog and white dog with brown spots are staring at each other in the street endseq', 'startseq two dogs of different breeds looking at each other on the road endseq', 'startseq two dogs on pavement moving toward each other endseq']

Now we start processing the text data

# tokenize the text
tokenizer = Tokenizer()
tokenizer.fit_on_texts(all_captions)
vocab_size = len(tokenizer.word_index) + 1

vocab_size

8485

No. of unique words

# get maximum length of the caption available
max_length = max(len(caption.split()) for caption in all_captions)
max_length

Finding the maximum length of the captions, used for reference for the padding sequence.

Train Test Split

After preprocessing the data now we will train, test and split

image_ids = list(mapping.keys())
split = int(len(image_ids) * 0.90)
train = image_ids[:split]
test = image_ids[split:]

Note: Depending on the data size it can crash your session if you don't have enough memory on your system. Creating and loading the data on a batch is very helpful if you have less than 16 GB of memory.

Explanatory example of the sequence split into pairs

# startseq girl going into wooden building endseq
#        X                   y
# startseq                   girl
# startseq girl              going
# startseq girl going        into
# ...........
# startseq girl going into wooden building      endseq

Now we will define a batch and include the padding sequence

# create data generator to get data in batch (avoids session crash)
def data_generator(data_keys, mapping, features, tokenizer, max_length, vocab_size, batch_size):
    # loop over images
    X1, X2, y = list(), list(), list()
    n = 0
    while 1:
        for key in data_keys:
            n += 1
            captions = mapping[key]
            # process each caption
            for caption in captions:
                # encode the sequence
                seq = tokenizer.texts_to_sequences([caption])[0]
                # split the sequence into X, y pairs
                for i in range(1, len(seq)):
                    # split into input and output pairs
                    in_seq, out_seq = seq[:i], seq[i]
                    # pad input sequence
                    in_seq = pad_sequences([in_seq], maxlen=max_length, padding='post')[0]
                    # encode output sequence
                    out_seq = to_categorical([out_seq], 	num_classes=vocab_size)[0]
                    # store the sequences
                    X1.append(features[key][0])
                    X2.append(in_seq)
                    y.append(out_seq)
            if n == batch_size:
                X1, X2, y = np.array(X1), np.array(X2), np.array(y)
                yield {"image": X1, "text": X2}, y
                X1, X2, y = list(), list(), list()
                n = 0

Padding sequence normalizes the size of all captions to the max size filling them with zeros for better results.

Model Creation

# encoder model
# image feature layers
inputs1 = Input(shape=(4096,), name="image")
fe1 = Dropout(0.4)(inputs1)
fe2 = Dense(256, activation='relu')(fe1)
# sequence feature layers
inputs2 = Input(shape=(max_length,), name="text")
se1 = Embedding(vocab_size, 256, mask_zero=True)(inputs2)
se2 = Dropout(0.4)(se1)
se3 = LSTM(256)(se2)

# decoder model
decoder1 = add([fe2, se3])
decoder2 = Dense(256, activation='relu')(decoder1)
outputs = Dense(vocab_size, activation='softmax')(decoder2)

model = Model(inputs=[inputs1, inputs2], outputs=outputs)
model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='adam')

# plot the model
plot_model(model, show_shapes=True)

shape=(4096,) - output length of the features from the VGG model
Dense - single dimension linear layer array
Dropout() - used to add regularization to the data, avoiding over fitting & dropping out a fraction of the data from the layers
model.compile() - compilation of the model
loss=’sparse_categorical_crossentropy’ - loss function for category outputs
optimizer=’adam’ - automatically adjust the learning rate for the model over the no. of epochs
Model plot shows the concatenation of the inputs and outputs into a single layer
Feature extraction of image was already done using VGG, no CNN model was needed in this step.

Now let us train the model

# train the model
epochs = 20
batch_size = 32
steps = len(train) // batch_size

for i in range(epochs):
    # create data generator
    generator = data_generator(train, mapping, features, tokenizer, max_length, vocab_size, batch_size)
    # fit for one epoch
    model.fit(generator, epochs=1, steps_per_epoch=steps, verbose=1)

227/227 [==============================] - 68s 285ms/step - loss: 5.2210 227/227 [==============================] - 66s 291ms/step - loss: 4.0199 227/227 [==============================] - 66s 292ms/step - loss: 3.5781 227/227 [==============================] - 65s 287ms/step - loss: 3.3090 227/227 [==============================] - 66s 292ms/step - loss: 3.1080 227/227 [==============================] - 65s 286ms/step - loss: 2.9619 227/227 [==============================] - 63s 276ms/step - loss: 2.8491 227/227 [==============================] - 64s 282ms/step - loss: 2.7516 227/227 [==============================] - 64s 282ms/step - loss: 2.6670 227/227 [==============================] - 65s 286ms/step - loss: 2.5966 227/227 [==============================] - 66s 290ms/step - loss: 2.5327 227/227 [==============================] - 61s 270ms/step - loss: 2.4774 227/227 [==============================] - 65s 288ms/step - loss: 2.4307 227/227 [==============================] - 66s 289ms/step - loss: 2.3873 227/227 [==============================] - 62s 274ms/step - loss: 2.3451 227/227 [==============================] - 65s 285ms/step - loss: 2.3081 227/227 [==============================] - 65s 288ms/step - loss: 2.2678 227/227 [==============================] - 66s 292ms/step - loss: 2.2323 227/227 [==============================] - 65s 285ms/step - loss: 2.1992 227/227 [==============================] - 66s 291ms/step - loss: 2.1702

steps = len(train) // batch_size - back propagation and fetch the next data
Loss decreases gradually over the iterations
Increase the no. of epochs for better results
Assign the no. of epochs and batch size accordingly for quicker results

You can save the model in the working directory for reuse

# save the model
model.save(WORKING_DIR+'/best_model.h5')

Generate Captions for the Image

def idx_to_word(integer, tokenizer):
    for word, index in tokenizer.word_index.items():
        if index == integer:
        return word
    return None

Convert the predicted index from the model into a word

# generate caption for an image
def predict_caption(model, image, tokenizer, max_length):
    # add start tag for generation process
    in_text = 'startseq'
    # iterate over the max length of sequence
    for i in range(max_length):
        # encode input sequence
        sequence = tokenizer.texts_to_sequences([in_text])[0]
        # pad the sequence
        sequence = pad_sequences([sequence], max_length, padding='post')
        # predict next word
        yhat = model.predict([image, sequence], verbose=0)
        # get index with high probability
        yhat = np.argmax(yhat)
        # convert index to word
        word = idx_to_word(yhat, tokenizer)
        # stop if word not found
        if word is None:
            break
        # append word as input for generating next word
        in_text += " " + word
        # stop if we reach end tag
        if word == 'endseq':
            break
    return in_text

Caption generator appending all the words for an image
The caption starts with 'startseq' and the model continues to predict the caption until the 'endseq' appeared

Now we validate the data using BLEU Score

from nltk.translate.bleu_score import corpus_bleu
# validate with test data
actual, predicted = list(), list()

for key in tqdm(test):
    # get actual caption
    captions = mapping[key]
    # predict the caption for image
    y_pred = predict_caption(model, features[key], tokenizer, max_length)
    # split into words
    actual_captions = [caption.split() for caption in captions]
    y_pred = y_pred.split()
    # append to the list
    actual.append(actual_captions)
    predicted.append(y_pred)
    # calcuate BLEU score
    print("BLEU-1: %f" % corpus_bleu(actual, predicted, weights=(1.0, 0, 0, 0)))
    print("BLEU-2: %f" % corpus_bleu(actual, predicted, weights=(0.5, 0.5, 0, 0)))

BLEU-1: 0.516880 BLEU-2: 0.293009

BLEU Score is used to evaluate the predicted text against a reference text, in a list of tokens.
The reference text contains all the words appended from the captions data (actual_captions)
A BLEU Score more than 0.4 is considered a good result, for a better score increase the no. of epochs accordingly.

Visualize the Results

from PIL import Image
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def generate_caption(image_name):
    # load the image
    # image_name = "1001773457_577c3a7d70.jpg"
    image_id = image_name.split('.')[0]
    img_path = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "Images", image_name)
    image = Image.open(img_path)
    captions = mapping[image_id]
    print('---------------------Actual---------------------')
    for caption in captions:
        print(caption)
    # predict the caption
    y_pred = predict_caption(model, features[image_id], tokenizer, max_length)
    print('--------------------Predicted--------------------')
    print(y_pred)
    plt.imshow(image)

Image caption generator defined
First prints the actual captions of the image then prints a predicted caption of the image

generate_caption("1001773457_577c3a7d70.jpg")

---------------------Actual--------------------- startseq black dog and spotted dog are fighting endseq startseq black dog and tri-colored dog playing with each other on the road endseq startseq black dog and white dog with brown spots are staring at each other in the street endseq startseq two dogs of different breeds looking at each other on the road endseq startseq two dogs on pavement moving toward each other endseq --------------------Predicted-------------------- startseq two dogs play with each other in the grass endseq

generate_caption("1002674143_1b742ab4b8.jpg")

---------------------Actual--------------------- startseq little girl covered in paint sits in front of painted rainbow with her hands in bowl endseq startseq little girl is sitting in front of large painted rainbow endseq startseq small girl in the grass plays with fingerpaints in front of white canvas with rainbow on it endseq startseq there is girl with pigtails sitting in front of rainbow painting endseq startseq young girl with pigtails painting outside in the grass endseq --------------------Predicted-------------------- startseq little girl in pink dress is lying on the side of the grass endseq

generate_caption("101669240_b2d3e7f17b.jpg")

---------------------Actual--------------------- startseq man in hat is displaying pictures next to skier in blue hat endseq startseq man skis past another man displaying paintings in the snow endseq startseq person wearing skis looking at framed pictures set up in the snow endseq startseq skier looks at framed pictures in the snow next to trees endseq startseq man on skis looking at artwork for sale in the snow endseq --------------------Predicted-------------------- startseq two people are hiking up snowy mountain endseq

Test with Real Image

vgg_model = VGG16() 
# restructure the model
vgg_model = Model(inputs=vgg_model.inputs,             
                  outputs=vgg_model.layers[-2].output)

VGG model is used for feature extraction of the image

image_path = '/kaggle/input/flickr8k/Images/1000268201_693b08cb0e.jpg'
# load image
image = load_img(image_path, target_size=(224, 224))
# convert image pixels to numpy array
image = img_to_array(image)
# reshape data for model
image = image.reshape((1, image.shape[0], image.shape[1], image.shape[2]))
# preprocess image from vgg
image = preprocess_input(image)
# extract features
feature = vgg_model.predict(image, verbose=0)
# predict from the trained model
predict_caption(model, feature, tokenizer, max_length)

'startseq the girl is standing on the couch and is standing on the side of the playhouse endseq'

Final Thoughts

Training the model by increasing the no. of epochs can give better and more accurate results.
Processing large amount of data can take a lot of time and system resource.
The no. of layers of the model can be increased if you want to process large dataset like flickr32k.
Instead of VGG16, we can also use CNN model to extract the image features.

In this project tutorial, we have built an Image Caption Generator exploring the Flickr Dataset as an advanced deep learning project using different models from image extraction and text based processing.

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